E-News | Contact Us | Site Credits | Search | Site Map
Hotspots By RegionResources
Hotspots Science

 
GlossaryMaps



 Join CI Online

General references

Abe, T.D. Bignell, E. & Higashi, M. 2000. Termites: Evolution, Sociality, Symbiosis, Ecology. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishing.

Alvarez, L.W., Alvarez, W., Asaro, F. & Michel, H.V. 1980. Extraterrestrial cause for the Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction. Science 208: 1095–1108.

Ando, A., Camm, J., Polasky, S. & Solow, A. 1997. Species distributions, land values, and efficient conservation. Science 279: 2126–2128.

Avise, J.C. & Johns, G.C. 1999. Proposal for a Standard Temporal Scheme of Biological Classification for Extant Species. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the U.S.A. 96: 7358–7363.

Bailey, R.G. 1994. Descriptions of the Ecoregions of the United States. 2nd edition. Misc. Publ. 1391, revised. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Agriculture.

Baillie & Groombridge.1996. 1996 IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals. Gland, Switzerland & Cambridge, UK.: IUCN.

Bakarr, M.I., Fonseca, G.A., Mittermeier, R., Rylands, A.B. & Painemilla, K.W. 2001. Hunting and bushmeat utilization in the African rain forest. Advances in Applied Biodiversity Science 2: 1–170.

Balmford, A., Moore, J., Brooks, T., Burgess, N., Hansen, L.A., Williams, P. & Rahbek, C. 2001. Conservation conflicts across Africa. Science 291: 2616–2619.

Balmford, A., Bruner, A., Cooper, P., Costanza, R., Farber, S., Green, R.E., Jenkins, M., Jefferiss, P., Jessamy, V., Madden, J., Munro, K., Myers, N., Naeem, S., Paavola, J., Rayment, M., Rosendo, S., Roughgarden, J., Trumper, K. & Turner, K.T. 2002. Economic reasons for conserving wild nature. Science 297: 950–953.

Balmford, A., Gaston, K.J., Blyth, S., James, A. & Kapos, V. 2003. Global Variation in Terrestrial Conservation Costs, Conservation Benefits, and Unmet Conservation Needs. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the U.S.A. 100: 1046–1050.

BirdLife International. 2000. Threatened Birds of the World. Barcelona, Spain: Lynx Edicions.

Bisby, F.A., Shimura, J., Ruggiero, M., Edwards, J. & Haeuser, C. 2002. Taxonomy, at the click of a mouse. Nature 418: 367.

Boitani, L., Corsi, F., De Biase, A., Carranza, I.D., Ravagli, M., Reggiani, G. Sinibaldi, I. & Trapanese, P. 1999. A Databank For The Conservation And Management of African Mammals. Rome, Italy: Institute of Applied Ecology.

Bramwell, D. 2002. How many plant species are there? Plant Talk 28: 32–33.

Brooks, T.M., Pimm, S.L. & Collar, N.J. 1997. The extent of deforestation predicts the number of birds threatened with extinction in insular South-East Asia. Conservation Biology 11: 382–394.

Brooks, T.M., Mittermeier, R.A., Mittermeier, C.G., da Fonseca, G.A.B., Rylands, A.B., Konstant, W.R., Flick, P., Pilgrim, J., Oldfield, S., Magin, G. & Hilton-Taylor, C. 2002. Habitat loss and extinction in the hotspots of biodiversity. Conservation Biology 16: 909–923.

Brooks, T.M., Pilgrim, J.D., Rodrigues, A.S.L. & da Fonseca, G.A.B. 2004. Conservation status and geographic distribution of avian evolutionary history. In A. Purvis, J.L. Gittleman & T.M. Brooks. (Eds.), Phylogeny and Conservation. Cambridge, UK.: Cambridge University Press.

Bruner, A.G., Gullison, R.E., Rice, R.E. & da Fonseca, G.A.B. 2001. Effectiveness of parks in protecting tropical biodiversity. Science 291: 125–128.

Burgess, N. & Clarke, G.P. 2000. Coastal Forests of Eastern Africa. Cambridge, U.K.: UICN.

Carroll, S.S. & Pearson, D.L. 1998. Spatial modeling of butterfly species richness using tiger beetles (Ciicndelidiae) as a bioindicator taxon. Ecological Applications 8: 531–543.

Chomitz, K.M., K. Alger, T.S. Thomas, H. Orlando, & P. Vila Nova. 2004. Opportunity Costs of Conservation in a Biodiversity Hotspot: The Case of Southern Bahia. Environment and Development Economics.

Cincotta, R.P., Wisnewski, J. & Engelman, R. 2000. Human population in the biodiversity hotspots. Nature 404: 990–992.

Conservation International. 2004. Conserving Earth’s Living Heritage: A Proposed Framework for Designing Biodiversity Conservation Strategies. Washington, D.C.: Conservation International.

Costanza, R., d’Arge, R., de Groot, R., Farber, S., Grasso, M., Hannon, B., Limburg, K., Naeem, S., O’Neill, R.V., Paruelo, J., Raskin, R.G., Sutton, P. & van den Belt, M. 1997. The value of the world's ecosystem services and natural capital. Nature 387: 253–258.

Cowling, R.M., Pressey, R.L., Lombard, A.T., Desmet, P.G. & Ellis, A.G. 1999. From representation to persistence: requirement for a sustainable reserve system in the species rich mediterranean-climate deserts of Southern Africa. Diversity and Distributions 5: 1–21.

Dalton, R. 2000. Biodiversity cash aimed at hotspots. Nature 406: 818.

Davis, S. C., Heywood, V.H. & Hamilton, A.C. (Eds.). 1994. Centres of Plant Diversity: A Guide and Strategy for Their Conservation (Vol. 1: Europe, Africa, Southwest Asia and the Middle East.) Gland, Switzerland: World Wildlife Fund for Nature & The World Conservation Union.

Davis, S. C., Heywood, V.H. & Hamilton, A.C. (Eds.). 1995. Centers of Plant Diversity. A Guide and Strategy for their Conservation. Volume 2. Asia, Australasia and the Pacific. The World Wildlife Fund & The World Conservation Union. Cambridge, U.K.: IUCN Publications Unit.

Davis, S. C., Heywood, V.H. & Hamilton, A.C. (Eds.). 1995. Centers of Plant Diversity. A Guide and Strategy for their Conservation. Volume 3. The Americas. The World Wildlife Fund & The World Conservation Union. Cambridge, U.K:IUCN Publications Unit.

Diamond, J.M. 1976. Island biogeography and conservation: Strategy and limitations. Science 193: 1027–1029.

Dinerstein, E., Olson, D.M., Graham, D.J., Webster, A.L., Primm, S.A., Bookbinder, M.P. & Ledec, G. 1995. A Conservation Assessment of the Terrestrial Ecoregions of Latin America and the Caribbean. Washington, D.C.: World Wildlife Fund.

Dudley, J.P., Ginsberg, J.R., Plumptre, A.J., Hart, J.A. & Campos, L.C. 2002. Effects of war and civil strife on wildlife and wildlife habitats. Conservation Biology 16: 319–329.

Eken, G., Bennun, L., Brooks, T.M., Darwall, W., Fishpool, L.D.C., Foster, M., Knox, D., Langhammer, P., Matiku, P., Radford, E., Salaman, P., Sechrest, W., Smith, M.L., Spector, S. & Tordoff, A. 2004. Key Biodiversity Areas as site conservation targets. BioScience 54: 1110-1118.

Eschmeyer, W.N. 1998. Catalogue of Fishes. San Francisco: California Academy of Sciences.

Fishpool, L.D.C. & Evans, M.I. 2001. Important Bird Areas in Africa and Associated Islands. BirdLife Conservation Series No. 11. Cambridge, U.K.: BirdLife International.

Fitter, R. & Fitter, M.S. 1987. Road to Extinction: Problems with Categorizing the Status of Taxa Threatened with Extinction. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN.

Fonseca, G.A.B. da, Balmford, A., Bibby, C., Boitani, L., Corsi, F., Brooks, T., Gascon, C., Olivieri, S., Mittermeier, R., Burgess, N., Dinerstein, E., Olson, D., Hannah, L., Lovett, J., Moyer, D., Rahbek, C., Stuart, S. & Williams, P. 2000. Following Africa’s lead in setting priorities. Nature 405: 393–394.

Frazee, S.R., Cowling, R.M., Pressey, R.L., Turpie, J.K. & Lindenberg, N. 2003. Esstimating the costs of conserving a biodiversity hotspot: A case-study of the Cape Floristic Region, South Africa. Biological Conservation 112: 275–290.

Froese, R. & Pauly, D. 2003. FishBase. Online. Available: www.fishbase.org. November 12, 2003.

Gaston, K.J. 2000. Global patterns in biodiversity. Nature 405: 220–227.

Govaerts, R. 2001. How many species of seed plants are there? Taxon 50: 1085–1090.

Groves, R.H. & di Castri, F. 1991. Biogeography of Mediterranean Invasions. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.

Guan, Y., Zheng, B.J., He, Y.Q., Liu, X.L., Zhuang, Z.X., Cheung, C.L., Luo, S.W., Li, P.H., Zhang, L.J., Guan, Y.J., Butt, K.M., Wong, K.L., Chan, K.W., Lim, W., Shortridge, K.F., Yuen, K.Y., Peiris, J.S.M. & Poon, L.L.M. 2003. Isolation and characterization of viruses related to the SARS coronavirus from animals in southern China. Science 302: 276–278.

Hauge, T. & Ellingsen, T. 1998. Beyond environmental scarcity: Causal pathways to conflict. Journal of Peace Research 35: 299–317.

Hellin, J., Haigh, M. & Marks, F. 1999. Rainfall characteristics of Hurricane Mitch. Nature 399: 316.

Holmes, D. 2000. Deforestation In Indonesia: A Review of the Situation in Sumatra, Kalimantan, and Sulawesi. Jakarta, Indonesia: World Bank.

Houlahan, J.E., Findlay, C.S., Schmidt, B.R., Meyer, A.H. & Kuzmin, S.L. 2000. Quantitative evidence for global amphibian declines. Nature 404: 752–755.

Howard, P.C., Viskanic, P., Davenport, T.R.B., Kigenyi, F.W., Baltzer, M., Dickinson, C.J., Lwanga, J.S., Matthews, R.A. & Balmford, A. 1998. Complementarity and the use of indicators for reserve selection in Uganda. Nature 394: 472–475.

ICBP. 1992. Putting Biodiversity on the Map: Priority Areas for Global Conservation. Cambridge, U.K.: International Council for Bird Preservation.

IUCN. 1994. Guidelines for Protected Area Management Categories. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN.

IUCN. 2001. IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Version 3.1. Cambridge, U.K.: IUCN.

IUCN. 2003. 2003 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Cambridge, U.K.: UICN.

James, A., Gaston, K. & Balmford, A. 1999. Balancing the Earth’s Accounts. Nature 401: 323–324.

Kaimotitz, D. & Smith, J. 2001. Soybean technology and the loss of natural vegetation in Brazil and Bolivia. In A. Angelsen & D. Kaimowitz. (Eds.), Agricultural Technologies and Tropical Deforestation. pp. 195–212. Wallingford, U.K.: CABI Publishing.

Krever, V., Zazanashvili, N., Jungius, H., Williams, L. & Petelin, D. 2001. Biodiversity of the Caucasus Ecoregion. Moscow, Russia: World Wide Fund for Nature.

Lambshead, P.J.D. 1993. Recent developments in marine benthic biodiversity research. Oceanis 19: 5–24.

Lamoreux, J., Akçakaya, H.R., Bennun, L., Collar, N.J., Boitani, L., Brackett, D., Bräutigam, A., Brooks, T.M., da Fonseca, G.A.B., Mittermeier, R.A., Rylands, A.B., Gärdenfors, U., Hilton-Taylor, C., Mace, G., Stein, B.A. & Stuart, S. 2003. Value of the IUCN Red List. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 18: 214–215.

Lovett, J.C. & Wasser, S.K. 1993. Biogeography and Ecology of the Rain Forests of Eastern Africa. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.

Mace, G.M. & Lande, R. 1991. Assessing extinction threats: toward a reevaluation of IUCN threatened species categories. Conservation Biology 5: 148–157.

Margules, C.R. & Pressey, R.L. 2000. Systematic conservation planning. Nature 405: 243–253.

Martin, E. & Stiles, D. 2002. The South and South-east Asian Ivory Markets. Nairobi, Kenya: Save the Elephants.

May, R.M. 1992. How many species inhabit the earth?. Scientific American 267: 42–48.

May, R.M., Lawton, R.H. & Stork, N.E. 1995. Assessing extinction rates. In J.H. Lawton & R.M. May. (Eds.), Extinction Rates. pp. 1–24. Oxford, U.K.: Oxford University Press.

McAllister, D.E., Hamilton, A.L. & Harvey, B. 1997. Global freshwater biodiversity: striving for the integrity of freshwater ecosystems. Sea Wind 11(2): 1–106.

McNeely, J.A., Miller, K.R., Reid, W.V., Mittermeier, R.A. & Werner, T.B. 1990. Conserving the World’s Biological Diversity. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank.

Meier, R. & Dikow, T. 2004. The significance of specimen databases from taxonomic revisions for estimating and mapping the global species diversity of invertebrates and repatriating reliable and complete specimen data. Conservation Biology.

Midgley, G., Hannah, L., Millar, D., Rutherford, M. & Powrie, L. 2002. Assessing the vulnerability of species richness to anthropogenic climate change in a biodiversity hotspot. Global Ecology and Biogeography 11: 445–451.

Mittermeier, R.A. 1988. Primate diversity and the tropical forest. In E.O. Wilson. (Ed.), BioDiversity. pp. 145–154. Washington D.C.: National Academy Press.

Mittermeier, R.A., Myers, N., Thomsen, J.B., da Fonseca, G.A.B. & Olivieri, S. 1998. Biodiversity hotspots and major tropical wilderness areas: approaches to setting conservation priorities. Conservation Biology 12: 516–520.

Mittermeier, R.A., Myers, N., Robles Gil, P. & Mittermeier, C.G. 1999. Hotspots. Mexico City, México: CEMEX.

Mittermeier, R.A., Mittermeier, C.G., Robles Gil, P., Pilgrim, J.D., Konstant, W.R., da Fonseca, G.A.B. & Brooks, T.M. 2002. Wilderness: Earth’s Last Wild Places. Mexico: CEMEX.

Mittermeier, R.A., da Fonseca, G.A.B., Brooks, T., Pilgrim, J. & Rodrigues, A. 2003a. Hotspots and coldspots. American Scientist 91: 384.

Mittermeier, R.A., Mittermeier, C.G., Brooks, T.M., Pilgrim, J.D., Konstant, W.R., da Fonseca, G.A.B. & Kormos, C. 2003b. Wilderness and biodiversity conservation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA. 100: 10309–10313.

Mittermeier, R.A., Robles-Gil, P. & Mittermeier, C.G. (Eds.). 1997. Megadiversity. Earth’s Biologically Wealthiest Nations. Mexico City: CEMEX/Agrupación Sierra Madre.

Mittermeier, R.A., Robles Gil, P., Hoffmann, M., Pilgrim, J., Brooks, T., Mittermeier, C.G., Lamoreux, J., and da Fonseca, G.A.B. 2004. Hotspots Revisited. Mexico: CEMEX.

Myers, N. 1983. A Wealth of Wild Species. Boulder, Colorado: Westview.

Myers, N. 1988. Threatened biotas: ‘Hotspots’ in tropical forests. The Environmentalist 8: 1–20.

Myers, N. 1990. The biodiversity challenge: Expanded hot-spots analysis. The Environmentalist 10: 243–256.

Myers, N. 1998. Lifting the veil on peverse subsidies. Nature 392: 327–328.

Myers, N. 2003. Biodiversity hotspots revisited. BioScience 53: 916–917.

Myers, N. & Mittermeier, R.A. 2003. Impact and acceptance of the hotspots strategy: Response to Ovadia and to Brummitt and Lughadha. Conservation Biology 17: 1449–1450.

Myers, N., Lovett, J.C. & Burgess, N.D. 1999. Eastern Arc Mountains and coastal forests. In R.A. Mittermeie, N. Myers, P. Robles Gil & C.G. Mittermeier. (Eds.), Hotspots. pp. 204–217. Mexico City, México: CEMEX.

Myers, N., Mittermeier, R.A., Mittermeier, C.G., da Fonseca, G.A.B. & Kent, J. 2000. Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature 403: 853–858.

Novotny, V., Basset, Y., Miller, S.E., Weiblen, G.D., Bremer, B., Cizek, L. & Drozd, P. 2002. Low host specificity of herbivorous insects in a tropical forest. Nature 416: 841–844.

Olson, D.M. & Dinerstein, E. 1998. The global 200: A representation approach to conserving the earth’s most biologically valuable ecoregions. Conservation Biology 12: 502–515.

Olson, D.M., Dinerstein, E., Wikramanayake, E.D., Burgess, N.D., Powell, G.V.N., Underwood, E.C., D’Amico, J.A., Itoua, I., Strand, H.E., Morrison, J.C., Loucks, C.J., Allnutt, T.F., Ricketts, T.H., Kura, Y., Lamoreux, J.F., Wettengel, W.W., Hedao, P. & Kassem, K.R. 2001. Terrestrial ecoregions of the world: A new map of life on earth. BioScience 51: 933–938.

Pearson, D.L. & Carroll, S.S. 1998. Global patterns of species richness: Spatial models for conservation planning using bioindicator and precipitation data. Conservation Biology 12: 809–821.

Pearson, D.L. and Carroll, S.S. 1999. The influence of spatial scale on cross-taxon congruence patterns and prediction accuracy of species richness. Journal of Biogeography 26: 1079–1090.

Pearson, D.L. & Cassola, F. 1992. World-wide species richness patterns of tiger beetles (Coleoptera:Cicindelidae): Indicator taxon for biodiversity and conservation studies. Conservation Biology 6: 376–391.

Peres, C.A. & Lake, I.R. 2003. Extent of nontimber resource extraction in tropical forests: Accessibility to game vertebrates by hunters in the Amazon Basin. Conservation Biology 17: 521–535.

Peterson, A.T., Ball, L.G. & Cohoon, K.P. 2002. Predicting distributions of mexican birds using ecological niche modelling methods. Ibis 144: 27–32.

Pimm, S.L., Russell, G.J., Gittleman, J.L. & Brooks, T.M. 1995. The future of biodiversity. Science 269: 347–350.

Pimm, S.L., Ayres, M., Balmford, A., Branch, G., Brandon, K., Brooks, T., Bustamente, R., Costanza, R., Cowling, R., Curran, L.M., Dobson, A., Farber, S., da Fonseca, G.A.B., Gascon, C., Kitching, R., McNeely, J., Lovejoy, T., Mittermeier, R.A., Myers, N., Patz, J.A., Raffle, B., Rapport, D., Raven, P., Roberts, C., Rodríguez, J.-P., Rylands, A., Tucker, C., Samper, C., Stiassny, M.L.J., Safina, C., Supriatna, J., Wall, D.H. & Wilcove, D. 2001.Can we defy nature’s end? Science 293: 2207–2208.

Plumtre, A.J., Behangana, M., Davenport, T.R.B., Kahindo, C., Kityo, R., Ndomba, E., Nkuutu, D., Owiunji, I., Ssegawa, P. & Eilu, G. 2003. The Biodiversity of the Albertine Rift. Albertine Rift Technical Reports Series No. 3. Kampala, Uganda: Wildlife Conservation Society.

Population Reference Bureau. 2003. World Population Data Sheet. Washington, D.C.: Population Reference Bureau.

Prance G.T., Beentje, H. & Johns, R. 2000. The tropical flora remains undercollected. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 87: 67–71.

Pressey, R.L. & Nicholls, A.O. 1989. Efficiency in conservation evaluation: Scoring versus iterative approaches. Biological Conservation 50: 199–218.

Pressey, R.L., Johnson, I.R. & Wilson, P.D. 1994. Shades of irreplaceability: Towards a measure of the contribution of sites to a reservation goal. Biodiversity and Conservation 3: 242–262.

Raxworthy, C.J., Martinez-Meyer, E., Horning, N., Nussbaum, R.A., Schneider, G.E., Ortega-Huerta, M.A. & Peterson, A.T. 2003. Predicting distributions of known and unknown reptile species in Madagascar. Nature 426: 837–841.

Reid, W.V. 1998. Biodiversity hotspots. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 13: 275–280.

Reis, R.E., Kullander, S.O. & Ferraris, Jr., C.J. 2003. Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America. Porto Alegre, Brasil: Edipucrs.

Ricketts, T.H., Dinerstein, E., Olson, D.M., Loucks, C.J., Eichbaum, W., DellaSala, D., Kavanagh, K., Hedao, P., Hurley, P.T., Carney, K.M., Abell, R. & Walters, S. 1999. Terrestrial Ecoregions of North America: A Conservation Assessment. Washington, D.C.: Island Press.

Roberts, C.M., McClean, C.J., Veron, J.E.N., Hawkins, J.P., Allen, G.R., McAllister, D.E., Mittermeier, C.G., Schueler, F.W., Spalding, M., Wells, F., Vynne, C., & Werner, T.B. Marine biodiversity hotspots and conservation priorities for tropical reefs. Science 295: 1280–1284.

Rodrigues, A.S.L., Andelman, S.J., Bakarr, M.I., Boitani, L., Brooks, T.M., Cowling, R.M., Fishpool, L.D.C., Fonseca, G.A.B. da, Gaston, K.J., Hoffmann, M., Long, J.S., Marquet, P.A., Pilgrim, J.D., Pressey, R.L., Schipper, J., Sechrest, W., Stuart, S.N., Underhill, L.G., Waller, R.W., Watts, M.E.J. & Yan, X. 2004. Effectiveness of the global protected area network in representing species diversity. Nature 428: 640–643.

Sachs, J. 2002. A new global effort to control malaria. Science 298: 122–124.

Sanderson, E.W., Redford, K.H., Vedder, A., Coppolillo, P.B. & Ward, S.E. 2002. A conceptual model for conservation planning based on landscape species requirements. Landscape and Urban Planning 58: 41–56.

Sanderson, J., Alger, K., da Fonseca, G.A.B., Galindo-Leal, C., Inchausty, V.H. & Morrison, K. 2003. Biodiversity Conservation Corridors: Planning, Implementing, and Monitoring Sustainable Landscapes. Washington, D.C.: Conservation International.

Sechrest, W., Brooks, T.M., da Fonseca, G.A.B., Konstant, W.R., Mittermeier, R.A., Purvis, A., Rylands, A.B. & Gittleman, J.L. 2002. Hotspots and the Conservation of Evolutionary History. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the U.S.A. 99: 2067–2071.

Stattersfield, A.J., Crosby, M.J., Long, A.J. & Wege, D.C. 1998. Endemic Bird Areas of the World: Priorities for Biodiversity Conservation. Cambridge, U.K.: BirdLife International.

Steadman, D.W. 1995. Prehistoric extinctions of Pacific island birds: Biodiversity meets zooarcheology. Science 267: 1123–1131.

Sugden, A. & Pennisi, E. 2000. Diversity digitized. Science 289: 2305.

Terborgh, J. 1988. The big things that run the world. Conservation Biology 2: 402–403.

Thomas, C.D., Cameron, A., Green, R.E., Bakkenes, M., Beaumont, L.J., Collingham, Y.C., Erasmus, B.F.N., de Siqueira, M.F., Grainger, A., Hannah, L., Hughes, L., Huntley, B., van Jaarsveld, A.S., Midgely, G.F., Miles, L., Ortega-Huerta, M.A., Peterson, A.T., Phillips, O.L. & Williams, S.E. 2004. Extinction risk from climate change. Nature 427: 125–128.

Thorne, R.F. 2002. How many species of seed plants are there? Taxon 51: 511–512.

Udvardy, M.D.F. 1975. A Classification of the Biogeographical Provinces of the World. IUCN Occassional Paper No 18. Morges, Switzerland: IUCN.

van Dijk, P.P., Stuart, B.L. & Rhodin, A.G.J. 2000. Asian turtle trade. Chelonian Research Monographs 2: 1–164.

van Jaarsveld, A.S., Freitag, S., Chown, S.L., Muller, C., Koch, S., Hull, H., Bellamy, C., Krüger, M., Endrödy-Younga, S., Mansell, M.W. & Scholtz, C.H. 1998. Biodiversity assessment and conservation strategies. Science 279: 2106–2108.

van Wyk, A.E. & Smith, G.F. 2001. Regions of Floristic Endemism in Southern Africa. Hatfield, South Africa: Umdaus Press.

Vitousek, P.M., Mooney, H.A., Lubchenco, J., & Melillo. J.M. 1997. Human domination of earth's ecosystems. Science 277: 494–499.

WDPA. 2003. World Database on Protected Areas. Washington, D.C.: IUCN-WCPA and UNEP-WCMC.

Wheeler, Q.D. & Meier, R. 2000. Species Concepts and Phylogenetic Theory: A Debate. New York: Columbia University Press.

White, F. 1983. The vegetation of Africa: A descriptive memoir to accompany the UNESCO/AETFAT/UNSO vegetation map of Africa. UNESCO Natural Resources Research 20: 1–356.

Wikramanayake, E., Dinerstein, D., Loucks, C., Olson, D., Morrison, J., Lamoreux, J., McKnight, M. & Hedao, P. 2002. Ecoregions in ascendance. Conservation Biology 16: 1–6.

Wilson, E.O. 1984. Biophilia. Boston: Harvard University Press.

Wilson, E.O. 1987. The little things that run the world: The importance and conservation of invertebrates. Conservation Biology 1: 344–346.

Wilson, E.O. 1992. The Diversity of Life. Boston: Belknap Harvard.

Wilson, E.O. & Kellert, S.R. 1993. The Biophilia Hypothesis. Washington, D.C.: Island Press.


Tell a Friend About Biodiversity Hotspots


Home | About CI | Support CI | CI Newsroom | CI Library | CI Partners
©2008 Conservation International | Terms of Use | Privacy Policy